Biochemical Profile of <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles Fed Blood Meal-Bovine Rumen Digesta (BMBRD) Included Diets

Bola Morufat Lawal; Henry Adefisayo Adewole; Victor Folorunso Olaleye

doi:7060391

The effect of BMBRD diets fed Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles was investigated on the liver enzymes and creatinine metabolite with a view to revealing underlying physiological conditions of the organ of the fish. Three iso-nitrogenous experimental diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated with 25% and 50% BMBRD inclusion level to substitute the fishmeal component which was the primary protein source while the 0% BMBRD served as the control. Sixty (60) C. gariepinus was obtained and stocked in glass aquaria (60cm x 30cm x 30cm) at a stocking density of 10 fish per tank and were fed 4% of the body weight in two installments for 10 weeks. After the tenth week of experimental feeding, five fish specimens were selected from each tank and sacrificed for processing of the selected biochemical assays. Analyses of the results showed that C. gariepinus juveniles fed 25% BMBRD diet had significantly higher level (p<0.05) of ALT, ALP and LDH activities in their liver than in the liver of the fish juveniles fed 0 and 50% BMBRD included diets. The level of creatinine was however significantly higher (p<0.05) in the liver of the fish fed the control and 25% BMBRD diet. The study concluded that BMBRD has no adverse effect on the liver enzymes and metabolite of C. gariepinus.

[1]

Lee MY, Kumar RA, Sukumaran SM, Hogg MG, Clark DS, Dordick JS. Three Dimensional Cellular Micro array for High-throughout Toxicology Assays. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008; 105 (1): 59-63.

[2]

Mattingly CJ, Rosenstein MC, Davis AP, Colby GT, Forrest JN, Boyer JL. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database: A Cross-Species Resource for Building Chemical-Gene Interaction Networks. Toxicol. Sci. 2006; 92 (2): 587-595.

[3]

Singh PA, Singh S, Bhartiya P, Yadav K. Toxic Effect of Phorate on the Serum Biochemical Parameters of the Snake Headed Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Adv. Biores. 2010; 1 (1): 177-181.

[4]

Aladesanmi OT, Agboola FK, Okonji RE. Enzymes as Biomarkers of Environmental Stress in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution: 2017; 7 (14): 71-83.

[5]

Ugbomeh, A. P., Bob-manuel, K. N. O., Green, A. Biochemical toxicity of Corexit 9500 dispersant on the gills, liver and kidney of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Fish Aquatic Sci 2019; 22 (15): 1-8.

[6]

Ghouri N, Preiss D, Saltar N. Liver Enzymes, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Incident Cardiovascular Disease; A Narrative Review and Clinical Perspective of Prospective Data. Hepathol. 2010; 52 (3): 1156-1161.

[7]

Mir. AH. (2015) Impact of anthropogenic activities on the biochemical parameters of Labeo calbasu caught from betwa river in raisen district (m. p). Indian Streams Research Journal 2015; 5: 1-5.

[8]

Taylorharry O, Ugbomeh AP, Bob-manuel KNO. Histo-toxicity of Corexit 9500 dispersant on gill and liver of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Asian J Fish Aquat Res. 2019; 3 (1): 1–12.

[9]

Sribanjam S., Charoenwattanasak S., Champasri T., Champasri C, Yuangsoi B. Toxic effects of the herbicide glyphosate on enzymes activities and histopathological changes in gill and liver tissue of freshwater fish, Silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), Bioscience Res, 2018; 15 (2): 1251-1260.

[10]

Osioma E, Akanji MA, Arise RO. Hepatic Enzyme Markers and Proteins in Serum and Some Selected Tissues in Clarias gariepinus from Swamp around Kokori-Erhoike oil field, Nigeria. J. Res. Bio. 2013; 3 (4): 984-992.

[11]

Raimi OG, Hammed AM, Adeola SA, Jimoh AA, Adeyemi OC. Comparative Biochemical Characterization of Alkaline Phosphatase from Species of Shrimps (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii and Panaeus notialis). Am. J. Bio & Mol. Sci. 2013; 3 (2): 29-32.

[12]

Adeyemi OT, Odutola O, Olugbenga OA, Onajobi FD, Oyedemi SO. Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase Activities in Selected Tissues of Rats Fed on Processed Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Adv. Bio. & Biotechno. 2015; 6: 139-152.

[13]

Alaa GM, Osman IA, Mekkawy JV, Kirschbaun F. Effects of Lead Nitrite on the Activity of Metabolic Enzymes During Early Developmental Stages of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J. Fish Phy & Bio 2007; 33: 1-13.

[14]

Manjunatha B, Tirado J, Selvanayagam M (2015) Sub-lethal toxicity of potassium cyanide on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Biochemical response. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; 7 (3): 379-382.

[15]

Adewole HA (2013). Evaluation of Blood Meal-Bovine Rumen Digesta (BMBRD) Blend as a Protein Source in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fingerlings (M. Sc. Thesis), Ile-Ife. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 105pp.

[16]

Jhingran VG, Pullin RSV. A Hatchery Manual for the Common Chinese and Indian Major Carps. Asian Development Bank, Manilla, Phillipines, 1985; 111-112.

[17]

Bassey OA, Lowry O, Brock MJ. A Method for the Rapid Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase with Five Cubic Millimeters of Serum. J. Bio. Chem. 1946; 16 (4): 321-325.

[18]

Wright PJ, Leatherwood PD, Plummer DT. Enzymes in Rats: Alkaline Phosphatase. Enzy. 1972; 4 (2): 317-327.

[19]

IFCC [International Federation of Clinical Chemistry]. Physiochemical Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry. J. Cli. Chem & Cli Biochem. 1980; 18: 829-854.

[20]

Aitken MM., Hall E, Allen WM, Scott L, Devot JL. Liver-Related Biochemical Changes in the Serum of Dogs Being Treated with Phenobarbitone. Vet Rec. 2003; 153: 13-16.

[21]

Reitman S, Frankel S. A Calorimetric Method for the Determination of Glutamic-Ozaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminases. Am. J. Cli. Pathol. 1957; 33: 1-3.

[22]

Dienye HE, Olumuji OK. Growth Performance and Haematological Responses of African Mud Catfish (Clarais gariepinus) Fed Dietary Levels of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Meal. Net J. Agric. Sci. 2014; 2 (2): 79-88.

[23]

Gabriel UU, Akinrotimi OA, Ariweriokuma VS. Changes in Metabolic Enzymes Activities in Selected Organs and Tissue of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Cypermethrin. J. Chem. Eng. 2012; 1 (1): 25-30.

[24]

Svoboda M. Stress in Fish: A Review Bulletin Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology. Vodnary 2001; 37: 169-191.

[25]

Cappo JA Mussart NB, Fiorannelli SA. Physiological Variation of Enzymatic Activities in Blood of Bull Frog, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw, 1802). Rev. Vet. 2002; 12 (13): 22-27.

[26]

Akcakaya H, Aroymak A, Gokce S. A Quantitative Colorimetric Method of Measuring Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Eukayotic Cell Membranes. Cell Bio. Inter, 2007; 31 (12): 186-190.

[27]

Edori OS, Dibofori-Orji AN, Edori ES. Biochemical Changes in Plasma and Liver of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Paraquat. J. Pharm & Bio Sci. 2013; 8: 35-39.

[28]

Chimela W, Abdulraheem B, Azubuike A. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Activity in Selected Tissues and Organs of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Different Levels of Paraquat. J. Bio. Agric. & Healt. 2014; 4 (21): 8-10.

[29]

Asztalos B, Memcsok J, Brenedeczky I, Gabriel R, Szabo A., Rafale OJ. The Effects of Pesticide on Some Biochemical Parameters of Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Arc. Env. Contam. Toxicol. 1990; 19: 275-282.

[30]

Ajeniyi SA, Solomon RJ. Urea and Creatinine of C. gariepinus in Three Different Commercial Ponds. Nat & Sci. 2014; 12 (10): 124-138.