The Effects of Metabolism in Response to Water Stress of Three Poa Species under Germinator and Greenhouse Conditions
In order to determine the reaction of three Poa species to drought stress, two separate experiment were conducted in both germinator and greenhouse conditions using factorial experiment based of completely randomized design with three replications in 2010 in Tehran, Iran. The drought treatments were four levels of osmotic potential (0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa) in germinator and four levels of osmotic potential (FC, 25% FC, 50% FC and 75% FC) in greenhouse that were made by poly ethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution and field capacity method, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed for germination percent, root length, shoot length, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio (RSR), seedling weight, seedling dry/fresh weight ratio (DFR) and seed vigor index. In greenhouse, chlorophyll, carbohydrates and proline contents were also measured. The results showed significant differences among species, droughts levels and species by drought interaction effects for the most of traits in both conditions. However, the relationship between germinator and greenhouse, quantified using correlation was high. It was concluded that evaluation under germinator conditions is desirable for selection purposes. In both conditions all of seedling traits except RSR, DFR were increased and proline and carbohydrate content were increased by increasing osmotic potential. The results showed that the P.bulbosa species had higher values for the most of seedling attributes than other species. Results of probit analysis of LD50 and LD90 showed the same trend.
Drought, PEG6000.Germination, Seed Vigor, Poa
[1]
Abdul-Baki, A.A., and J.D. Anderson. (1973) Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiplication. Crop Sci. 3: 630-633.
[2]
Branson, F.A., R.F. Miller and J.S. McQueen, (1967) Geographic distribution and factors affection the distribution of salt desert shrubs in the United States. J. Range Manage., 20: 287-296
[3]
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldren and I.D. Teare, (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205–207
[4]
Behero, R.K., P.C. Mishra and N.K. Choadhury, (2002) High irradiance and water stress induce alteration in pigment composition and chloroplast activities of primary wheat leave. J. Plant Physiol., 159: 967-973.
[5]
Bohnert, H.J., D.E. Nelson and R.G. Jensen, (1995) Adaptations to environmental stresses. Plant Cell 7:1099-1111.
[6]
Colom, M.R. and C. Vazzana, (2003) Photosynthesis and PSII functionality of drought-resistant and drought sensitive weeping lovegrass plants. Environmental Experimental Botany 49: 135–144
[7]
Ebrahimzadeh, H., (2010) Plant physiology, Volume 1, Tehran university press. 340 pages.
[8]
Ekmekci, Y., A. Bohms, J.A. Thomson and S.G. Mundree, (2005) Photochemical and antioxidant responses in the leaves of Xerophyta viscosa Baker and Digitaria sanguinalis L. under water deficit. Z. Naturforsch C., 60: 435–443
[9]
Feuillet, C., P. Langridge and R. Waugh, (2008) Cereal breeding takes a walk on the wild side. Trends Genet., 24: 24-32. Doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.11.001
[10]
Flexas, J. and H. Medrano, (2002) Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: Stomatal and non-stomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany. 89: 183-189.
[11]
Flexas, J., J.M., Escalona, and Medrano, H., (1999) Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines. Plant, cell and environment. 22: 39-48
[12]
Flexas, J., Bota, J. Cifre, J.M. Escalona and J. Galmes, Medrano, H., (2004) Understanding down-regulation of photosynthesis under water stress: future prospects and searching for physiological tools for irrigation management. Ann. Applied Biol., 144: 273-283
[13]
Jafari M. and Firouzabadi A.Gh., (2001) Resistance to drought in Shore elurope (Aeluropus littotalis) and weeping alkaligrass (Puccinelia distance), Proceedings of the XIX International Grassland Congress, 83: 14-19.
[14]
Grandillo, S., S.D. Tanksley and D. Zamir, (2007) Exploitation of Natural Biodiversity through Genomics. In: Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement-Vol. 1: Genomics Approaches and Platforms, Varshney, R.K. and R. Tuberosa (Eds.). Springer, Dordrecht, pp: 121-150
[15]
Hoffman, T. and A. Ashwell, (2001) Nature Divided: Land Degradation in South Africa. University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, pp: 168. ISBN: 1-9197-1354-9.
[16]
Imevbore, A.M., (2003) Desertification and desiccation as a threat to the conservation and utilization of biodiversity. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, pp: 314.
[17]
Ingram, J. and D. Bartels, (1996) The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol; 47:377–403
[18]
Irigoyen, J.J., D.W. Einerich and M. Sanchez-Diaz, (1992) Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 84:55-60.
[19]
Kaul, A. and V. Shankar, (1988) Ecology of seed germination of the chenopod shrub Haloxylon salicornicum. J. Trop. Ecol., 29: 110-115
[20]
Kim, K.S., Y.K. Yoo and G.Y. Lee, (1994) Comparative salt tolerance study in Korean grasses. J. Korean Soc. Hortic. Sci., 32: 17-133.
[21]
Kuchaki, E., Soltani, A., Azizi, M., (2008) Plant physiology, Mashhad university press. 267 pages
[22]
Larcher W., (2003) Physiological plant ecology, 3rd ed, Springer press, London, pp:322.
[23]
Liberato M.A., Gonçalves J., Chevreuil L.R. and Junior A.R., (2007) Leaf water potential, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in acariquara seedlings (Minquartia guianensis Aubl.) under water stress and recovery, Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 29: 17-22.
[24]
Lima, A.L.S., F.M. DaMatta, H.A. Pinheiro, M.R. Totola and M.E. Loureiro, (2002) Photochemical responses and oxidative stress in two clones of Coffea canephora under water deficit conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 47: 239–247.
[25]
Lippman, Z.B., Y. Semel and D. Zamir, (2007) An integrated view of quantitative trait variation using tomato interspecific introgression lines. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 17: 545-552. Doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2007.07.007
[26]
Lu, C. and J. Zhang, (1999) Effects of water stress on photosystem II photochemistry and its thermostability in wheat plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 50: 1199–1206
[27]
McCue, K.F. and A.D. Hanson, (1990) Drought and salt tolerance: towards understanding and application. Trends Biotechnol., 8:358–62
[28]
Miller, D., (1997) Rangelands and range management. Int. Center Integr. Mountain Dev. Newslett., 27: 1-3.
[29]
Moghaddam, M., (1998) Range and range management, Tehran university press, 470 pages.
[30]
Mohsenzadeh, S., Malboobi, M.A., Razavi, K. and S. Farrahi-Aschtiani, (2006) Physiological and molecular responses of Aeluropus lagopoides (Poaceae) to water deficit. Environmental and Experimental Botany 56: 314–322
[31]
Nayyar, H. and D. Gupta, (2006) Differential sensitivity of C3 and C4 plants to water deficit stress: Association with oxidative stress and antioxidants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 58: 106–113
[32]
Nevo, E., Korol, AB., Beiles, A. and T. Fahima, (2002) Evolution of wild emmer and wheat improvement. Population genetics, genetic resources and genome organization of wheats progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, pp: 364
[33]
Panda, R.K., S.K. Behera and P.S. Kashyap, (2004) Effective management of irrigation water for maize under stressed conditions. Agricultural and Food Engineering, 66: 181-203
[34]
Pennisi, E., (2008) Plant genetics: The blue revolution, drop-by-drop, gene by gene. Science, 320: 171-173.
[35]
Plaut Z., (2003) Photosynthesis in plant crops under water and salt stress. In: Pessarakli M (ed), Handbook of plant and crop stress, Marcel Dekker, New York 587-603.
[36]
Pourhadian, H. and M.R. Khajehpour, (2010) Relationship between germination tests and field emergence of wheat. Asian J. Applied Sci., 3: 160-165.
[37]
Rice, K.J. and A.R. Dyer, (2001) Seed aging, delayed germination and reduced competitive ability of Bromus tectorum. Plant Ecol., 155: 237-243.
[38]
Rong-hua, L.I., G.U.O. Pei-guo, B. Michael, G. Stefania and C. Salvatore, (2006) Evaluation of chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters as indicators of drought tolerance in barley. Agriculture in Sciences in China 5:751–757.
[39]
SAS Institute. (2004) SAS/STAT users guide. 9.2. Version. SAS Institute Inc. Cary. NC, pp:404.
[40]
Sharifi Kashan M., (2010) Investigation of drought and salinity stress on Agropyron intermedium, Avena barbata and Panicum antidotale, M.Sc. thesis, Natural Resources College of Tehran University.
[41]
Souza, R.P., Machado, E.C., Silva, J.A.B., Lagoa, A.M.M.A. and J.A.G. Silveira, (2004) Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany 51, 45–56
[42]
Stanhill, G., (2011). Smarter irrigation: an Israeli perspective. In: Potion DD (ed) Irrigation 1997. Proceeding of Irrigation Association Conference, Shepparton
[43]
Susiluoto,S., and Berninger., F.,(2007). Interactions between morphological and physiological drought responses in eucalyptus microtheca. Silva Fennica 41(2):221-233.
[44]
Tanksley, S.D. and S.R. McCouch, (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277: 1063-1066. Doi:10.1126/science.277.5329.1063
[45]
Tavili A., (2007) Effects of water deficiency on Agropyron desertorum and Agropyron cristatum, M.Sc. thesis, Natural Resources College of Tehran University.
[46]
Urao, T., B. Yakubov, R. Satoh, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, M. Seki, T. Hirayama and K. Shinozaki, (1999) A transmembrane hybrid-type histidine kinase in Arabidopsis functions as an osmosensor. Plant Cell; 11:1743–54
[47]
Urao, T., K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and K. Shinozaki, (2000) Two-component systems in plant signal transduction. Trends Plant Sci., 5: 67–74
[48]
Van den Berg, L., (2002) The evaluation of a number of technologies for the restoration of degraded rangelands in selected arid and semi-arid regions of South Africa. M.Sc. Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
[49]
Wang, W., Vinocur, B. and Altman, A., (2003) Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for strees tolerance. Planta 218,1-14
[50]
Wang, Y.R., L. Yu, Z.B. Nan and Y.L. Liu, (2004) Vigor tests used to rank seed lot quality and predict field emergence in four forage species. Crop Sci., 44: 535-541.
[51]
Weimberg, R., (1987) Solute adjustments in leaves of two species of wheat at two different stages of growth in response to salinity. Physiol. Plant., 70: 381–388
[52]
Yang, X., X. Chen, Q. Ge, B. Li and Y. Tong, Altman, a., Bohms, A., (2006) Tolerance of photosynthesis to photoinhibition, high temperature and drought stress in flag leaves of wheat: a comparison between a hybridization line and its parents grown under field conditions. Plant Science 171: 389–397.
[53]
Zandi Esfahan,E., Khajedin, S.J., Jafari, M., Karimizadeh, H., and Azarnivand., H., (2010). Relationship Between Amount of Growth in Haloxylon ammodendron. (C.A. Mey) and Edaphic Characteristics in Segsi Plain of Isfahan. J. Sci. & Technol. Agric. & Natur. Resour, Isf. Univ. Technol., Isf., Iran.11(40): 464-470.
[54]
Zareh chahouki, M. A., (2009) Drought stress in plants. NSC seminar of range management, Tehran university, pp:204.
[55]
Zlatev, Z.S. and I.T. Yordanov, (2004) Effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 30: 3–18.
