Antioxidant Vitamins and Body Mass Index in Adolescents
[1]
Yunusa I., Department of Biochemistry, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria.
[2]
Ahmad I. M., Department of Biochemistry, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria.
[3]
Gidado Z. M., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Nigeria.
[4]
Rabiu Z., Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Kano, Nigeria.
[5]
Kabir N., Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria.
[6]
Kabara H. T., Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
[7]
Ezeanyika L. U. S., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
Antioxidants have been shown to have protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress, also healthy body weight is an important indicator towards prevention of diseases. This study was carried out to report the odds of low antioxidants vitamins (A, E and C) in underweight, normal and overweight adolescents. Dietary assessment was conducted using 24 hour dietary recall and biochemical assay of vitamin A, E and C were carried out using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Our findings revealed the overall energy intake (EI) to be higher (p<0.05) among male (2014.4±194.6kcal) than their female (1441.1±169.3kcal) counterparts. Mean antioxidant vitamins A (15.55±6.14 vs 15.74±6.33µg/dl), E (253.48±25.99 vs 251.69±25.35µg/dl) and C (5.00±2.41 vs 4.80±2.28 µg/dl) for female and male subjects showed significant difference (p<0.05). Age and BMI have weak associations (r = 0.18, p<0.05) with vitamin A, E & C status. Moderate and severe deficiency of antioxidant vitamins exist among our study population irrespective of their age groups. This deficiency is of public health importance. Therefore, there is urgent need for public enlightenment and provision of supplements to avert the scourges of vitamins deficiency.
Antioxidant Vitamins, BMI, Adolescents, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress
[1]
National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population (2012). Fat soluble vitamins and related nutrients. National Centre for Environmental Health. CDC. 94-406.
[2]
What Are Antioxidants? - From the Academy. Available at: http://www.eatright.org/public/content.aspx?id=6792.
[3]
Antioxidants and Health: An Introduction. Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/antioxidants/introduction.htm.
[4]
Yunusa, I., Minjibir, A.I., Ahmad, I.M., Madobi, A.L., Huzaifa, U., Abdulkadir, R.S., Kabir, N. and Ezeanyika, L.U.S.(2014). Low body mass index does not correlate with hepatitis B surface antigen infection in female adolescents. British Journal for Applied Science and Technology. 4(8): 1230-37.
[5]
Nutrition Insights. Body Mass Index and health. A Publication of the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 2000;6.
[6]
Cynthia L. Margaret D. C. Lester R. C. Molly M. L. and Katherine M. F. Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in US Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA, 2010, 303(3): 242-249.
[7]
Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults? a review of the literature. Prev Med. 1993;22(2):167-177.
[8]
National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Obes Res. 1998;6(suppl 2):51S-209S.
[9]
Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2005;90:4119–4123.
[10]
Parikh SJ, Edelman M, Uwaifo GI, et al. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1196–1199.
[11]
Kimmons, J.E., Blanck, H.M., Tohill, B.C., Zhang, J. and Khan, LK. Associations Between Body Mass Index and the Prevalence of Low Micronutrient Levels Among US Adults. Med.Gen Med. 2006; 8(4): 59.
[12]
Imboden, K.E. (2014). Association of antioxidant intake and body mass index in Pre-to-early adolescent children. Nutrition Theses. Georgia State University.
[13]
Ejike ECCC, Ugwu EC, Ezeanyika LUS. Physical Growth and Nutritional Status of a Cohort of Semi-Urban Nigerian Adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010;9(4):392-397.
[14]
Yunusa I, Atiku MK, Pali AB. Incidence of Malaria, Haemoglobin level and Body Mass Index variations among Adolescents in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics. 2011;8(2):10-104.
[15]
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Internet NIH Publication No. 98-4083. 2005. 11-22-0005. Ref Type: Electronic Citation. Available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm.
[16]
Thermo Scientific (2010). Determination of Water- and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Nutritional Supplements by HPLC with UV Detection. Dionex Corporation. Pp. 1-10.
[17]
West, K.P.(2006). Vitamin A: deficiency and interventions. In: Caballero B, Allen L, Prentice A, editors. Encyclopedia of human nutrition. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 348-359.
[18]
Iqbal, K. Khan, A., Muzaffar, M., Khattak, AK. Biological Significance of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) in Human Health – A Review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3 (1): 5-13, 2004.
[19]
O’Sullivan, T.A., Ambrosini, G., Beilin, L.J., Mori, T.A. and, Oddy, W.H.(2011). Dietary intake and food sources of fatty acids in Australian adolescents. Nutrition. 27:153-9.
[20]
Omwami, E.M., Neumann, C. and Bwibo, N.O.(2011). Effects of a school feeding intervention on school attendance rates among elementary schoolchildren in rural Kenya. Nutrition. 27:188-93.
[21]
Yunusa, I. and Ezeanyika, L.U.S. (2013). Dietary Intake, Anthropometry and Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Nigeria: A Review. Asian Journal of Scientific Research. 6 (1): 16-26.
[22]
Oguntona, C.R.B., Razak, M.A. and Akintola, T.T.(1998). Pattern of dietary intake and Consumption of Street foods among Nigerian students. Nutrition and Health, 12: 247-256.
[23]
Anyika, J.U., Uwaegbute, A.C., Olojede, A.O. and Nwamarah, J.U. (2009). Nutrient Intakes of Adolescent Girls in Secondary Schools and Universities in Abia State of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 8 (10): 1596-1602.
[24]
Ijarotimi, O.S. (2004). Evaluation of Energy and Micronutrients Intake of Nigerian Adolescent Females: A Case Study of Institutionalized Secondary Schools in Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 3 (4): 250-253.
[25]
West, K.P.(2006). Vitamin A: deficiency and interventions. In: Caballero B, Allen L, Prentice A, editors. Encyclopedia of human nutrition, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 348-359.
[26]
WHO (2011). Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, World Health Organization, (WHO/NMH/ NHD/MNM/11.3).
[27]
Adu, O.B., Falade, A.M., Nwalutu, E.J., Elemo, B.O. and Magbagbeola, O.A.(2009). Nutritional status of undergraduates in a Nigerian university in south-west Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences; 1 (8): 318-324.
[28]
Gregory, C.O., Serdula, M.K. and Sullivan, K.M.(2009). Use of supplements with and without iodine in women of childbearing age in the United States. Thyroid. 19:1019-1020.
[29]
Brabin, L. and Brabin, B.J.(1992). The cost of successful adolescent growth and development in girls in relation to iron and vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr, 55:955-8.
[30]
Herbeth, B., Spyckerella, Y. and Deschamps, J.P.(1991). Determinants of plasma retinol, beta-carotene and tocopherol during adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr, 54:884-9.
[31]
Henning, A., Foster, A., Shrestha, S.P. and Pokhrel, R.P.(1991). Vitamin A deficiency and corneal ulceration in Southeast Nepal: implications for preventing night blindness in children. Bull WHO, 69:235-9.
[32]
Bloem, M.W., Huq, N. and Gorstein, J.(1995). Does the production of dark green leafy vegetables and fruits play a role in the aetiology of maternal night blindness, diarrhea and malnutrition in Bangladesh. In: Report of the XVII IVACG Meeting, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Washington, D.C.: IVACG Secretariat, 82.
[33]
Ernährung, D.G.f.(2000). Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Frankfurt: Umschau/Braus GmbH; 1.
[34]
Beers, M.H.(2006). Vitamin deficiency, dependency, and toxicity. In: Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse Station, (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc. [cited 2011]. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/
[35]
Valtueña, J., Breidenassel, C., Folle, J. and González-Gross, M. (2011). Retinol, -carotene, -tocopherol and vitamin D status in European adolescents; regional differences an variability: A review. Nutr Hosp, 26(2):280-288.
[36]
Gregory, J.R., Lowe, S., Bates, C.J., Prentice, A., Jackson, L.V. and Smithers, G. (2000). National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years. Report of the diet and nutrition survey; London: HMSO.
[37]
Drott P, Meurling S, Gebre-Medhin M. (1993): Interactions of vitamins A and E and retinol-binding protein in healthy Swedish children evidence of thresholds of essentiality and toxicity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest; 53 (3): 275-80.
[38]
Winklhofer-Roob, B.M., van’t Hof, M.A. and Shmerling, D.H. (1997). Reference values for plasma concentrations of vitamin E, A and carotenoids in a Swiss population from infancy to adulthood, adjusted for seasonal influences. Clin Chem, 43 (1): 146-53.
[39]
Molnar, D., Decsi, T. and Koletzko, B. (2004). Reduced antioxidant status in obese children with multimetabolic syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28 (10): 1197-202.
[40]
Ekpo, A.J. and Jimmy, E.O. (2006). Dietary and haematological evaluation of adolescent females in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5 (3): 278-281.
[41]
National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population (2012). Fat soluble vitamins and related nutrients. National Centre for Environmental Health. CDC. 94-406.
[42]
Gibson, R.S.(2005). Principles of nutritional assessment (2nd edn.). New York: Oxford University Press.
[43]
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.
[44]
Codoñer-Franch P, Boix-García L, Simó-Jordá R, Del Castillo-Villaescusa C, Maset-Maldonado J, Valls-Bellés V. Is obesity associated with oxidative stress in children? Int J Pediatr Obes IJPO Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2010;5(1):56-63.
[45]
Sfar S, Boussoffara R, Sfar MT, Kerkeni A. Antioxidant enzymes activities in obese Tunisian children. Nutr J. 2013;12(1):18.
[46]
Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I. Dietary determinants of subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia and components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight children: a review. Int J Obes. 2008;32(S6):S11-S18.
[47]
Savini I, Catani MV, Evangelista D, Gasperi V, Avigliano L. Obesity-associated oxidative stress: strategies finalized to improve redox state. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(5):10497-10538.
