Welcome to Open Science
Contact Us
Home Books Journals Submission Open Science Join Us News
Effect of Some Process Parameters on Process Loss from Palm Kernel Under Compressive Loading
Current Issue
Volume 4, 2017
Issue 5 (September)
Pages: 66-73   |   Vol. 4, No. 5, September 2017   |   Follow on         
Paper in PDF Downloads: 82   Since Aug. 14, 2017 Views: 1258   Since Aug. 14, 2017
Authors
[1]
Ozumba Isaac Chinedu, National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization, (NCAM), Ilorin, Nigeria.
[2]
Oje Kayode, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
[3]
Nwosu Caesar, Agro-Industrial Development and Extension Department, NCAM, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Abstract
The effect of some process parameters on Process Loss from palm karnel oil (PKO) expressed under compressive loading was studied. Pam Kernel (Dura Variety) was obtained, dried to 4.5% moisture content and were crushed into a meal. The crushed samples were classified into fine and coarse particle sizes using a set of laboratory Endocotts Test Sieves and Shaker. A model laboratory mechanical oil expeller with a temperature controller and a force measuring device was used to express oil from the palm kernel under uniaxil compression using a hydraulic press. The effects of heating temperature, applied pressure and particle size on process loss was studiedat heating temperatures of 70, 90, 110 and 130°C and applied pressures of 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, and 15.0 MPa. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) and T-test. The study revealed that process loss during the experiment increases significantly as the heating temperature increases from 70°C to 130°C at any applied pressure for both particle sizes investigated. The study also showed that heating temperature of 130°C gave the highest process loss while the minimum was recorded at 70°C. From the study, it was also established that process loss increases as the applied pressure increases from 6 MPa to 15 MPa at any heating temperature for the fine and coarse particle sizes. The highest and the minimum process loss were recorded at applied pressure of 15 MPa and 6 MPa respectively while particle size had no effect on process loss. It is then concluded that In order to minimize process loss during mechanical expression of Palm Kernel oil under uniaxial compression, the critical process conditions (heating temperature and applied pressure) must be properly controlled.
Keywords
Palm Kernel Oil, Process Loss, Uniaxial Compression, Mechanical Expression
Reference
[1]
Adeeko, K. A., and Ajibola, O. O. (1989). Processing Factors Affecting Yield and Quality of Mechanically Expressed Groundnut Oil. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 5:31-43.
[2]
Ajibola, O. O., Adetunji, S. O and Owolarafe, O. K. (2000). Oil Point Pressure of Sesame seeds. IFE Journal of Technology 9: 57–62.
[3]
Akinoso, R., Igbeka, J. C., Olayanju, T. M. A. and Bankole, L. K. (2006). Modeling of Oil Expression from Palm Kernel. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR E-journal Vol. VIII, October.
[4]
ASAE. (1989). Methods of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving. ASAE Standards: ASAE S319. Agricultural Engineers’ Handbook. Pp. 325-327.
[5]
Breadson, D. K. (1983). Mechanical Extraction. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society. 60(2): 211-213.
[6]
Hamzat, K. O. and Clerke, A. O. (1993). Prediction of Oil Yield from groundnut using the concept of Quasi –Equilibrium Oil Yield. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. Vol. 55(1): 79-87.
[7]
Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm. Third edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. Pp.19–21.
[8]
Mrema, G. C. (1979). Mechanisms of Mechanical Oil Expression from Rapeseed and Cashew- Unpublished PhD Thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
[9]
Mwthiga, G and Moriasi, L. (2007). A study of Yield Characteristics during Mechanical Oil Extraction of Preheated and Ground Soybeans. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 3(10):1146–1151.
[10]
NIFOR. (2005). Training Manual for Small Scale Oil Palm fruits Processing Equipment Fabricators and Machine Operators. Published by Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin City.
[11]
Olaniyan, A. M. (2006). Development of Dry Extraction Process for Recovering Shea Butter from Shea Kernel. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
[12]
Olayanju, T. M. A., Akinoso, R. and Oresanya, M. O. (2006). Effect of Wormshaft Speed, Moisture Content and Variety on Oil Recovery Expelled from Beniseed. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal 8: 1-7.
[13]
Praven, C. B. (1997). Mechanical Oil Expression from Selected Oil seeds Under Uniaxial Compression. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
[14]
RMRDC. (2004). Report on Survey of Agro Raw Materials in Nigeria on Oil Palm. Maiden Edition. Published by Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja, Nigeria.
[15]
Tunde-Akintunde, T. Y., Akintunde, B. O. and Igbeka, J. C. 2001. Effects of Processing Factors in Yield and Quality of Mechanically Expressed Soybean Oil. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology. 9:39-45.
[16]
Young, J. H.; Whitaker, T. B.; Blankenshy, P. D., Brusewitz, G. H. and Steele, J. C. 1982. Effect of Oven-Drying Time on Peanut Moisture Content Determination. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 25(2):4-9.
Open Science Scholarly Journals
Open Science is a peer-reviewed platform, the journals of which cover a wide range of academic disciplines and serve the world's research and scholarly communities. Upon acceptance, Open Science Journals will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download.
CONTACT US
Office Address:
228 Park Ave., S#45956, New York, NY 10003
Phone: +(001)(347)535 0661
E-mail:
LET'S GET IN TOUCH
Name
E-mail
Subject
Message
SEND MASSAGE
Copyright © 2013-, Open Science Publishers - All Rights Reserved