A Methodical Peer Review of Single and Sequential Extraction Schemes for Metal Fractionation
[1]
Mary Naadanswa Adu-Gyamfi, Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA.
[2]
Peter Golding, Department of Engineering Education and Leadership, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA.
[3]
Luis Perez, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA.
A systematic review of single and sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in environmental samples (e.g., soil and industrially polluted soil, sewage sludge and sludge improved soil, road dust and runoff, waste and debris) was presented, as well as other sequential extraction techniques. Although sequential extraction provides an empirical tool for better assessment of metal mobility and prediction of bonded forms in individual fractions, the relationship between the obtained fractions and the exact mineralogical bonding is often unclear. Although electron probe analyses provide comprehensive mineralogical information, they do not provide direct information about element mobility. In most cases, the sequential extraction protocol is higher than 10%. The accuracy was found to be satisfactory when the total concentration of trace metals was compared to the number of five separate tractive forces. To test the selectivity of different reagents, each leachate and residual sediment were supplementary tested after extraction to a specific geochemical stage. A discussion of the use of chemometric methods in sequential extraction analysis is also included. For various reference materials, the study is also looking into single and sequential extraction methods. The research looks at a number of different aspects of single and sequential extraction methods. Each of the reagents used in these schemes is briefly discussed as well. Finally, current knowledge from various staff in various fields of environmental geochemistry, as well as potential future innovations, are highlighted.
Single and Sequential Extraction, Species-forming Technique, Metal Fractionation, Chemometric Methods, Chemical Extraction, Tessier and BCR Sequential Extraction
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