Contamination from Gas-Powered Chainsaws or Augers during Under-Ice Water Sampling
[1]
Bonnie O. Leung, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
[2]
Joanne L. Little, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
[3]
Lisa Reinbolt, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
[4]
Roderick R. O. Hazewinkel, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
[5]
Jessica Pope, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
[6]
Shelley Manchur, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6, Canada.
Gas-powered chainsaws and augers are routinely used in surface water monitoring programs to open up ice-covered rivers and lakes during winter sampling, especially in high latitude areas. A dataset from 2010-2013 from Alberta’s Lower Athabasca Region long-term monitoring program was analyzed and a strong association was found between detected benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) compounds present in gasoline and the use of gas-powered equipment. Further quality control studies were performed with a gas-powered chainsaw and an electric auger, revealing that contamination can occur with gas-powered equipment. Use of an electric auger revealed no detectable levels of BTEX. This is the first study to quantitatively show that BTEX contamination of surface water quality samples can occur during use of gas-powered chainsaw or auger equipment.
Gas-Powered Chainsaw or Auger, Contamination, BTEX, Electric Powered Chainsaw or Auger
[1]
Alberta Environment and Parks (2016). Alberta Environment and Parks Surface Water Quality Program, http://aep.alberta.ca/water/programs-and-services/surface-water-quality-program/default.aspx, accessed August 16, 2016.
[2]
Barr, B. M., Smith, P. J. (1984). Environment and Economy: Essays on the Human Geography of Alberta. Published by the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
[3]
Chokmani, B. M., Khalil, T. B., Ouarda, M. J., Bourdages, R. Y. (2007). Estimation of River Ice Thickness Using Artificial Neural Networks, (14th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Quebec City, June 19-22, 2007).
[4]
Ryan, A. L., Yeow, A., Swain, L., Webber, T. (2005) Water Sampling Procedures, safety, and quality assurance. Published by Environment Canada and the BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, British Columbia.
[5]
Alberta Environment and Parks (2006). Surface Water Quality, Aquatic Ecosystems Field Sampling Protocols, published by Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton.
[6]
Wang, Z., Yang, C., Parrot, J. L., Frank, R. A., Yang, Z., Brown, C. E., Hollebone, B. P., Landriault, M., Fieldhouse, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Hewitt, L. M. (2014) Forensic source differentiation of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons in Canadian oil sands environmental samples. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 271, 166-177.
[7]
United States Geological Society (2016). United States Geological Society USGS Environmental Health – Toxic Substances, http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/btex.html, accessed on August 16, 2016.
[8]
Alberta Environment and Parks (2014). Water Policy Branch, Environmental Quality Guidelines for Alberta Surface Waters, published by Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB.
[9]
Stocking, A. J., Kavanaugh, M. C. (2000). Modeling volatilization of MTBE from standing surface waters. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126, 1131–1136.
[10]
Baehr, A. L., Zapecza, O. S. (1998) Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, Summer 1998. Published by the United States Geological Survey, New Jersey.
[11]
Pankow, J. F., Rathbun, R. E., Zogorski, J. S. (1996). Calculated volatilization rates of fuel oxygenate compounds and other gasolinerelated compounds from rivers and streams. Chemosphere, 33, 921–937.
[12]
Geesey, G. G., Costerton, J. W. (1979) Microbiology of a northern river: bacterial distribution and relationship to suspended sediment and organic carbon. Published by the National Research Council of Canada, 1058–1062.
[13]
Outward Bound Canada website. (2016) Outward Bound Canada http://www.outwardbound.ca/results.asp? Course RID=266, accessed on August 16, 2016.