The Effects of Lead, Cadmium and Mercury on Moolgardaseheli and Seawater in Khawr-Mukalla, Hadhramout Coast, Gulf of Aden
[1]
Mohammed Al-Dohail, Department of Marine Biology, Group Research, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen.
[2]
Abdullah Bawazir, Department of Marine Biology, Group Research, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen.
[3]
Nabil Al-Hodaifi, Department of Marine Biology, Group Research, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen.
This experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+) and mercury (Hg2+) in muscles, liver and gills of Blue spot mullet, Moolgardaseheli and filtered surface water in Khawr-Mukalla (Man-Made Creek), Hadhramout coast. Three stations at Khawr-Mukalla were studied including End-Khawr, Mid-Khawr and Mouth-Khawr. The trial were undertaken along the four seasons of the year 2012, during which a total of 108 specimens of fish and 108 sample of surface seawater were collected and analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05), regarding the concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in muscles of M.seheli throughout the seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn in Khawr-Mukalla, whereas there were significant differences (P<0.05) in liver and gills of M.seheli. Besides, there were no significant differences (P>0.05), regarding the concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in the filtered surface water of Mid-Khawr and Mouth-Khawr except End-Khawr, for the period of all seasons. From these results, we conclude that the heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+) in the muscles and gills of M.seheli, at Khawr-Mukalla stations were still in range scale of international pollution standard except in the liver of M.seheli which was high a little bit, whereas filtered surface seawater at Khawr-Mukalla stations were polluted. Therefore, the treatment of sewage before drain into Khawr-Mukalla is necessary to save the marine ecosystem in better condition in order to reduce pollution, as well as further studies are necessary to monitoring the pollution by heavy metals in this area.
Heavy Metals, Moolgardaseheli, Surface Seawater, Seasons
[1]
EPA, The Environmental Protection Agency. (1996). Method 3052 Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices. The Environmental Protection Agency.
[2]
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Environmental Protection Agency Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories Volume 1 Fish Sampling and Analysis Third Edition. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology.
[3]
Abdallah, M. M. (2008). Trace element levels in some commercially valuable fish species from coastal waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. J Mar Syst, 73, 114-122.
[4]
Agency, T. S., & Disease Registery. (2004). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology. Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GAAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Available from http://www.atsdr. cdc.gov/toxprofiles/.
[5]
Breder, C., & Rosen, D. E. (1966). Modes of reproduction in fishes. Neptune City, New Jersey.: T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.
[6]
Community, E. (2005). Commission regulation No 78/2005. Official J Eur Union, 43-45.
[7]
Conacher, H. B., Page , B. D., & Ryam, J. J. (1993). Industrial chemical contamination of foods (Review). Food Addit. Contam., 10, 129-143.
[8]
Cullinane, J. P., Doyle, T. M., & Whelen, P. M. (1987). Uses of Seaweeds as Biomonitors of Zinc Levels in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Hydrobiologia, 285,, 15l-152.
[9]
Duruibe, J. O., & Ogwuegbu, M. C. (2007). Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2, 112-118.
[10]
El-Moselhy, K. M., Othman, A. I., Abd El-Azem, H., & El-Metwally, M. E. (2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. E g y p t i a n journal of basic and applied sciences xxx (Article in press), 1-9.
[11]
EPA, Environmental Protection Agency. (1992). Method 3010A Acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts for total metals for analysis by flaa or icp spectroscopy. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[12]
Esslemont, G. (2000). Heavy metals in seawater, marine sediments and corals from the Townsville section, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland. Marine Chemistry, 71, 215–231.
[13]
FAO. (1983). Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No. 464. Food and Agriculture Organization, 5-100.
[14]
Farkas, A., Salanki, J., & Varanka, I. (2000). Heavy metal concentrations in fish of Lake Balaton. Research & Management, 5(4), 271-279.
[15]
Harrison, I., & Senou, H. (1997). Order Mugiliformes. Mugilidae. Mullets. . In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. FAO, 2069-2108.
[16]
Henning, B. J., Snyman, H. G., & Aveling, T. S. (2001). Plant-soil interactions of sludge-borne heavy metals and the effect on maize (Zed mays L) seedling growth. Water SA, 27., 71-78.
[17]
Huang, B. W. (2003). Heavy metal concentrations in the common benthic fishes caught from the coastal waters of Eastern Taiwan . Journal of food and drug analysis 11(3) , 324-330 .
[18]
J., K., & Abbasi, E. (2010). The Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Animals. The 1 st International Applied Geological Congress, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad Universit.
[19]
Jordanova, A., Strezov, A., Ayranov, M., Petkov, N., & Stoilova. (1999). Heavy Metal Assessment in Algae Sediments and Water From The Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Wat SCL. Tech. Vol. 39, No. 8, 207-212.
[20]
Khaled, A. (2004). Seasonal determination of some heavy metals in muscle tissues of Siganus rivulatus and Sargus sargus fish from El-Mex Bay and Eastern Harbor, Alexandria, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish, 8(1), 65-81.
[21]
King, R. P., & Jonathan, G. E. (2003). Aquatic environmental perturbations and monitoring. African experience.
[22]
Lata, R., & Rohindra, D. (2002). Heavy Metals. In Major Environmental Issues. An Outreach to the South Pacific.
[23]
Lokhande, R. S., & Kelkar, N. (1999). Studies on heavy metals in water of Vasai Creek, Maharashtra. Indian J Environ Protect, 19(03), 664-668.
[24]
Mansour, S. A., & Sidky, M. M. (2002). Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate,Egypt. Food Chememistry 78, 15-22.
[25]
Nisha, & Pandey, G. N. (1984). Environmental Engineering Division. Journal of the Institute of Engineers: India, 64: 99.
[26]
Obasohan, E. E. (2008). Bioaccumulation of chromium, copper, maganese, nickel and lead in a freshwater cichlid, hemichromis fasciatus from Ogba River in Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal of General Agriculture 4(3) , 141-152.
[27]
Odoemelam, S., Iwuazor, C. C., & Ozuo, J. U. (1999). Tropical Environmental Forum. held at Calabar.
[28]
Pekey, H. (2006). The distribution and sources of heavy metals in Izmit Bay surface sediments affected by a polluted stream . Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52 , 1197-1208.
[29]
Qadir, A., & Malik, R. N. (2011). Heavy metals in eight edible fish speciesfr om two polluted tributaries (Aik and Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res ,143:, 1524-1540.
[30]
Reichelt, A. J., & Jones, G. (1994). Trace metals as tracers of dredging activity in Cleveland Bay- field and laboratory studies. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45, 1237-1257.
[31]
Sekwele, R. C. (2008). Selected Heavy metals consentrations on Selected Samples of Naboom Spurit, Tobias Spruit and the Nyl Floodplain, South Africa. puplshed Master thesis, University of Limpopo.
[32]
Shanthi, V., & Gajendran, N. (2009). The impact of water pollution on the socio-economic status of the stakeholders of Ennore Creek, Bay of Bengal (India). Ind. J. Sci. Technol., 2(3), 66-79.
[33]
Svobodova, Z., Celechovska, O., & Kolarova, J. (2004). Assessment of metal contamination in the upper reaches of the Tichá Orlice River. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49, 458-464.
[34]
Tsuguyoshi, S. (2004). Mercury Analysis Manual . Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
[35]
U.S Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Method 3015a Microwave assisted acid digestion of aqueous samples and extracts. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency.
[36]
Velez, D., & Montoro, R. (1998). Arsenic speciation in manufactured seafood products: a review. J. Food. Protect., 61(9), 1240-1245.
[37]
Vos, G., Hovens, J. P., & Delft, W. V. (1987). Arsenic, cadmium, leads and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered in The Netherlands during 1980–1985. Food Additives and Contaminants 4, 73–88.
[38]
Wang, J., Liu, R. H., Yu, , P., Tang, A. K., Xu, L. Q., & Wang. (2012). The 18th Biennial Conference of International Society for Ecological Modelling Study on the Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Seawater of Jinzhou Bay. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13,, 1507 – 1516.
[39]
Wu, Y., & Zeng, J. Y. (1983). ) Heavy metal pollution and the background value on the stuaries, bays and coastal waters. Marine Environmental Science,12, 60-70.
