Determination of Metal Concentrations in High Traffic Density Roadside Soils from Some Selected Towns of East Ethiopia
[1]
Hizkeal Tsade, School of Applied Natural Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU), Adama, Ethiopia.
Heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb are common pollutants in urban environments mainly due to traffic emissions. The present project work was focused to study Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in high traffic density roadside soils of some selected sites of Eastern Ethiopia. In the present work, the soil samples were collected from four roadside soils of both sides of the selected sites and analyzed for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Soil samples were collected symmetrically at distance of 0, 25 and 50 meters from both sides of the main road of the town of the selected sites. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were analyzed with the help of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The levels of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in all the studied roadside soils were ranged from 12.02 to 79.24, 6.76 to 78.10, 0.08 to 0.64 and 0.16 to 0.89 mg kg-1 respectively. These concentrations were below the critical maximum levels above which toxicity is possible. This shows that the levels of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the study areas were low. In addition to this, the levels of all four heavy metals in both sides of the roadside soils exhibited a decrease with the increasing distance from the main road andthe concentrations in two sides of road at the same distance were not found close to each other because of differences in directions and strength of winds in these regions.
Roadside Soil, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium Lead, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
[1]
Yahaya, M. I., G. C. Ezeh, Y. F. Musa and S. Y. Mohammad, 2010. Analysis of heavy metals concentration in road sides soil in Yauri, Nigeria 4 (3): 022-030.
[2]
Xuedong Yan, F. Z. (2012). Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Grasses of Roadside Farmland in Nepal, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public, 9, 3209-3226.
[3]
Kamran Sardar, S. A. (2013). Heavy Metals Contamination and what are the Impacts on Living Organisms. Greener Journal of Environmental Mana, 2 (4), 172-179.
[4]
Dan Gao, X. Y. (2013). Relationships between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Roadside Topsoil and Distance to Road Edge Based on Field Observations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China,. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 762-775.
[5]
Chen Rong Hui, W. B. (2015). The Pollution Character Analysis and Risk Assessment for Metals in Dust and PM10 around Road from China. Biomed Environ Sci, 28 (1): 44-56.
[6]
Bakirdere, S. and M. Yaman, 2008. Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 136: 401-410.
[7]
Fantaye, W, R. Israel and K. Bjorvatin, 2003. Lead in human primary teeth from rural and urban Ethiopia. International association for dental research. 2: 631-635.
[8]
Garba N. N, I. A. (2013)., Analysis of heavy metals concentration deposited in roadside soi. European Journal of Applied Engineering and Scientific Research,, 2 (2), 23-27.
[9]
Okunola O. J., A. U. (2011). Metals in roadside soils of different grain sizes from high traffic roads in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Toxicological & Environmental journal of Chemistr, 93 (8), 1572-1590.
[10]
Neilson, D. W. and I. E. Sommers, 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter, chemical and microbiological properties. Amer. Soc. Of Agron. J. 9:639-679.
[11]
Day, P. R., 1965. Particle fractionation and particle size analysis in methods of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. 9: 545-567.
[12]
Houba, V. J. G., I. Novozamsky, I. Waling and J. J. Van der Lee, 1989. Soil and plant analysis a series of syllabi. Part 5-Soil Analysis procedures. Wageningen Agricultural University. The Netherlands.
[13]
Murray, B. and M. B. McBride, 1994. Environmental Chemistry of soils, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, NewYork, 376p.
[14]
Murphy, H. F., 1962. A report on the fertility Status and Other Data on Some Soils of Ethiopia. Experiment station. 429p.
[15]
Sharma, S. A. (2010). Accumulation of lead and cadmium in soil and vegetable crops along major highways in Agra, India. Journal of Chemistry, 7 (4), 1174-1183.
[16]
Viard, B., F. Pihan, J. C. Pihan, and S. Promeyrat, 2004. Integrated assessment of heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) highway pollution: bioaccumulation in soil, Graminaceae and land snails. Chemosphere 55 (10):1349-1359.
[17]
Rossini, S. and A. J. Fernandez, 2007. Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources, Microchemical Journal, 86: 131–139.
[18]
Tomasz Staszewski, Małgorzata Malawska, Barbara Studnik-Wójcikowska, Halina Galera, Bogusław Wiłkomirski, (2015). Soil and plants contamination with selected heavy metals in the area of a railway junction. Archives of Environmental Protection, Poland. 41 (1): (35–42).
[19]
Kabata – Pendias, A. and H. Pendias, 1986. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca raton. 6: 313-348.
[20]
ICRCL (Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land), 1987. Guidance on Assessment and Redevelopment of Contaminated Land. Department of Environment, London. 83p.
[21]
David O. Olukanni and Sunday A. Adebiyi,. (2012). Assessment of Vehicular Pollution of RoadSide Soils in Ota Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 12, 345-354.
[22]
Ozaki, H., I. Watanabe and K. Katsuji, 2004. Investigation of the heavy metal sources in relation to automobiles. Water, Air, Soil Pollut 157: 209-223.
[23]
Davis, A. P., M. Shokouhian and S. Ni, 2001. Loading estimates of Lb, Cu, Cd and Zn in urban runoff from specific sources. Chemosphere. Sci. Total Environ. 44: 997-1009.
[24]
Qasem, M. and A. Kemal, 1999. Contamination of Roadside Soil, Plants and Air with Heavy Metals in Jordan, A Comparative Study. Turk J. chem. 23: 209-220.
[25]
Alloway, B. J., 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. Chapman and Hall, London. 31:486-495.
[26]
Young, S. R., 1971. Chemical Analysis in Extractive metallurgy. Charly and pickers gill Ltd. Leeds. 19: 188-258.
[27]
EC (European Commission), 1986. Office for official publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Council Directive 66/278 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. J. Nutr Biochem. 5: 622-629.
[28]
SEPA (State Environmental Protection Administration), 2005. The limit of pollutant in food. Chaina. 2782p.
