Antimicrobial Analysis and Structural Elucidation of Active Compounds of Nauclea latifolia Stem Extract (Pin Cushion Tree)
[1]
Ijoma K. I., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
[2]
Ajiwe V. I. E., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
[3]
Alisa C. O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
Antimicrobial analysis and structural elucidation were carried out on the purified stem extract of Nauclea latifolia. The Harbone method was used for the extraction. The extracts were separated using a combination of column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, which gave rise to the isolation of two fractions; these fractions were further purified using recrystallization. The melting point of each pure fraction was determined. The purified extracts were subjected to structural elucidation using various spectroscopic techniques which include; FTIR, UV, H1 NMR, C13 NMR, DEPT1350, COSY, TOCSY, HMBC and HSQC. The spectral analysis suggested the presence of Myristic acid and Palmitoleic acid. The antimicrobial analysis (anti fungal and anti bacterial analysis) using the punched agar diffusion method was carried out on the isolated fractions comparatively with a standard drug Funbact-A cream (a broad spectrum antibiotic). A total of thirteen test organisms were used for this analysis amongst which were ten bacteria test organism and three fungi test organisms. The results from the average diameter zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) showed that all the fractions were all active on the entire test organism with zones of inhibition ranging from 10mm-26mm comparatively. None of these fractions showed similar anti microbial effect as the standard drug Funbact-A cream but individually could serve as antimicrobial to diseases caused by these test organisms from their MIC, MBC and MFC.
[1]
Finar, I. L., (1975). Stereochemistry and the chemistry of natural products, vol.1, 5th edition, Pearson Education limited. New York, pp273-293.
[2]
Ajiwe, V. I. E., Dimonyejiaku, N., Ajiwe, A. C., Chinweuba, A. J., and Chendo N. M., (2008). Preliminary study on the pharmaceutical constituents of Emilia sonchifolia leaf. Anachem journal, 2(2):302-309.
[3]
Harbone, J. B., (1998). Phytochemical Methods-A guide to modern Techniques of plant analysis, 3rd edition, Chapman and Hall, London, pp38-90.
[4]
Deeni, Y., Hussain, H., (1991). Screening for antimicrobial activity and for alkaloids of Nauclea latifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35:91–96.
[5]
Elujoba, A. A. A., (1995). Female infertility in the hands of traditional birth attendant in South-West Nigeria. Fitoterapia, 66:239-234.
[6]
Ezem, S. N., Akpuaka, M. U., and Ajiwe, V. I. E., (2015). Pharmaceuticals from the whole root of Nauclea latifolia. International Journal of pharmaceutical Chemistry. 10.7437/ijpc.p332
[7]
Shigemori, H, kagata, T, Ishiyama, Hetal. (2003). New monoterpene alkaloids from Nauclea latifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51,158-61.
[8]
Bryant, M. C., (1972). Antibiotics and their laboratory control, 2nd edition, Butterworth, London, p85.
[9]
Onyema, C. T., and Ajiwe, V. I. E., (2014). Phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of leaves of Cola gigantean, International journal of applied science and technology, 4(2):121-122.
[10]
Fessenden, R. J., Fessenden, J. S and Feist, P. F. (2000). Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3rd edition. Brooks Coles; California.
[11]
Ibeh, I. N and Uraih, N. (2003). Practical Microbiology, Vol.1, Ambik Press Ltd, pp82-93.
[12]
Bhunia, S., Biplab, B., and Asim, B., (2015). A new hypercrosslinked supermicroporous polymer, scope for sulfonation and its catalytic potential for the efficient synthesis of biodiesel at room temperature. Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India. Royal society of chemistry 2:5-25
[13]
Wimalasena, S., and Karunawansha, E., (1994). Journal of Natural Science Council Sri Lanka, 22:301-304.
[14]
Hawas, U. W., Lamia, T. A., El-Kassem, Eman, F. A. and Mahmoud, E., (2012). In-vitro bioassays on the metabolites of the fungus Emericella nidulans isolated from the Egyptian Red Sea algae. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal11:124–128.
[15]
Mcgraw, L. J., Jager, A. K., Van, S. J., (2002). Isolation of antibacterial fatty acids from Schotia brachypetala. Fitoter 73:431-433.
[16]
Seidel, V. and Taylor, P. W., (2004). Invitro activity of extracts and constituents of pelagonium against rapidly growing mycobacteria. International journal of antimicrobial agent. 23:613-619.
[17]
Agoramoorthy, G., Chandrasekaran, M., Venkatasalu, V., Hsu, M. J., (2007). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl ester of the blind-your-eye Mangrove from India. Brazilian journal of microbiology, 38:739-742.
[18]
Narasimhan, B., Mourya, V. and Dhake, A., (2006). Design, synthesis, antibacterial, and QSAR studies of Myristic acid derivatives. Bioorganic medical chemical letter, 16:3023-3029.
[19]
Altieri, C., Cardillo, D., Bevilacqua, A., Singaglia, M., (2007). Inhibition of Aspergillus spp. And Penicillium spp. By fatty acids and their monoglycerides. Journal of food production, 70:1206-1212.
[20]
Carballeira, N. M., O’Neil, R., Parang, K., (2005). Racemic and optically active 2-methoxy-4-oxatetradecanoic acids; novel synthetic fatty acids with selective antifungal properties. Chemical physic lipids, 136:47-54.
[21]
Kabara, J. J., Swieczkowski, D. M., Conley, A. J., (1972). Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents, Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 3:316-321.
[22]
Li, D., Huajun, Z., Lijun, F., Xinli, A., Bangzhou, Z., Yi, L., Zhangran, C., Wei, Z., Lin, Y. and Tianling, Z., (2014). A Novel Algicide: Evidence of the Effect of a Fatty Acid Compound from the Marine Bacterium, Vibrio sp. BS02 on the Harmful Dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91201.
[23]
Yang, Z. H, Miyahara, H, and Hatanaka, A. (2011). “Chronic administration of Palmitoleic acid reduces insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in KK-Ay Mice with genetic type2 diabetes”. Lipid in Health and Disease, 10:120.
