Clinical and Industrial Application of Organometallic Compounds and Complexes: A Review
[1]
Mudi S. Y., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.
[2]
Usman M. T., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.
[3]
Ibrahim S., Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.
The most commonly compounds widely used in homogeneous catalysis are organometallic compounds which are distinguished by the prefix “organo’’. An organometallic compound usually contains both metals, transition metals, Semimetals, Lanthanides and Actinides. Their chemical bonding, reactivity and stabilities are predicted by using 18 – electron rule. Organometallic compounds are compounds that have at least one carbon to metal bond which can either be a direct carbon to metal bond (sigma bond) or a metal complex bond (pi – bond and lone pair). The nature and character of metal – carbon bond of organometallic compounds can either behaved as ionic and covalent or in-between which has very important roles in chemical reactions. Organometallic complexes are complexes that have dative covalent bonds between a metal and organic ligands. The organic ligands often bind the metal through a hetero – atom such as oxygen or nitrogen; such compounds are called “coordination compounds”. Many organic coordination compounds occurred naturally e.g myoglobin, haemoglobin and chlorophyll. Organometallic complexes are highly basic, reducing agents which serve as catalyst by catalyzing many polymerization reactions and clinically used to treat cell and tissues injuries (carcinomas, lymphomas, infection control, anti-inflammatory, diabetes, leishmaniasis, thrombotic and neurological disorders), by acting as superoxide anion scavengers because, Rhodium compounds is analogues to the corresponding Platinum and Ruthenium compounds serve as effective anticancer agents due to significant antitumor properties. Cupper (ll) complexes enhanced anti – inflammatory activity due ability reduced gastrointestinal toxicity and find practical applications in stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Well characterized organometallic complexes can sometimes be detected and isolated from “syn-gas’’ and “water-gas’’ shift reactions which serve as the principal carbon source form coal. In the future, coal is destined to become a major source of many organic chemicals that are produced on a large scale. Ferrocene and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) plays vital roles in petroleum industry which prevent knocking when added to gasoline. Effective advanced technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) are used to determine the dynamic properties, structures and industrial uses of organometallic compounds and complexes due to the ability to absorb the available proton occupied each site of a metal atom in the solution. Nevertheless, organometallic complexes are currently receiving even greater attention because of the rapidly increasing price of petroleum, which has been the principal chemical feedstock. This review tends to highlight the crucial aspects of organometallic compounds and complexes to human body both clinically and industrially.
Organometallic Compounds, Organometallic Complexes, Clinical and Industrial Applications
[1]
Allardyce, C. S., Dyson, P.J. (2006) Medicinal Properties of Organometallic Compounds, In: Bioorganometallic Chemistry (Topics in Organometallic Chemistry), Gerard Simonneaux, Volume 17, pp.177-210, Springer-Verlag, 10 3-540-33047-9, Berlin, Heidelberg DOI: 10.1007/3418_001.
[2]
Christoph Elschenbroich (2006). Organometallics (3rd edition). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-29390-6.
[3]
Crabtree, R. H. (2009). The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals. John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-470-25762-3.
[4]
Gupta, B. D., Anil, S., and Elias, J. (2013). Basic Organometallic Chemistry: Concepts, Syntheses and Applications Publisher Universities Press, CRC Press ISBN=978-81-7371-8748.
[5]
Hartwig, J. F. (2010). Organotransition Metal Chemistry, from Bonding to Catalysis. New York: University Science Books. ISBN 1-891389-53-X.
[6]
Hashiguchi, B.G., Bischof, S.M., Konnick, M.M., and Periana R.A. (2012). Designing Catalysts for Functionalization of Unactivated C–H Bonds Based on the CH Activation Reaction. Acc. Chem. Res. 45, 885–898.
[7]
Herrmann, W.A. (1999). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry. 5, Copper, Silver, Gold, Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury. Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 3-13-103061-5.
[8]
Meng, X., Leyva, M.L., Jenny, M., Gross, I., Benosman, S., Fricker, B., Harlepp, S., He´braud, P., Boos, A., Wlosik, P., Bischoff, P., Sirlin, C., Pfeffer, M., Loeffler, J., Gaiddon, C.
[9]
(2009) A Ruthenium-Containing Organometallic Compound Reduces Tumor Growth through Induction of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Gene CHOP, Cancer Research, Vol.69, No.13, (July 2009), 5458-5466, 1538-7445.
[10]
Osakada, Kohtaro (2003). Fundamentals of Molecular Catalysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0444509216.
[11]
Periana, R.A., Bhalla, G., Tenn, W.J., III, Young, K.J., H., Liu, X.Y., Mironov, O., Jones, C., Ziatdinov, V.R. (2004). Perspectives on some challenges and approaches for developing the next generation of selective, low temperature, oxidation catalysts for alkane hydroxylation based on the C–H activation reaction. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 220 (1) 7–25.
[12]
Rafique, S., Idrees, M., Nasim, A., Akbar, H., Athar, A. (2010) Transition metal complexes as potential therapeutic Agents Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 2010), pp.38-45, 1538-2273.
[13]
Robert H. Crabtree (2005). The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals. Wiley. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-471-66256-3.
[14]
Saul, P., and Zvi, R. (1999). The Chemistry of Organic Derivatives of Gold and Silver. Edited by Saul Patai and Zvi Rappoport Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 0-471-98164-8.
[15]
Sigel, A., Sigel, H., and Sigel, R.K.O. (2010). Organometallics in environment and toxicology. Metal ions in life sciences 7. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84755-177-1.
[16]
Toreki, R. (2003). "Organometallics Defined". Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated.
[17]
Xu, R., Pang, W., Huo, and Qisheng, M. (2011). Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry. pp. 275-278 ISBN 978-0-444-53599-3
[18]
Robert H. Crabtree (2005). ‘The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals”. Wiley. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-471-66256-3.
[19]
Toreki, R. (2003-11-20). "Organometallics Defined". Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated.
[20]
Gupta, B. D., Elias, Anil J. (2013). “Basic Organometallic Chemistry: Concepts, Syntheses and Applications”. Universities Press, CRC Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-8748.
[21]
Sigel, A.; Sigel, H; Sigel, R.K.O (Editors) (2010). “Organometallics in environment and toxicology”. Metal ions in life sciences 7. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84755-177-1.
