Zones of Inhibition and Molecular Docking (In-silico Approach) of Piptadeniastrum africanum Extracts on Clinical and Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Isolates
[1]
Oludare Temitope Osuntokun, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria.
[2]
Taiye Anangwureyi Jemilaiye, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria.
[3]
Akinmade Timilehin Adefemiwa, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria.
[4]
Adisa O. Thonda, Department of Biological Science, Microbiology Unit, Kings University, Ode-omu, Nigeria.
The use of plants as medicines is an ancient practice common to especially Nigeria and Africa at large. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the zones of inhibition, phytochemical screening and molecular docking (In-silico Approach) of Piptadeniastrum africanum against selected clinical and multiple antibiotic resistant isolates. Using agar well diffusion method, the antimicrobial activity of the stem bark and leaf extracts of Piptadeniastrum africanum was assayed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus substilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The extract inhibits the growth of all the tests organisms at different concentrations, especially the Gram-negative bacteria and fungi Aspergillus niger which showed diameter zones of inhibition ranging from 21 mm to 10 mm at concentration of 100 mg/ml. The stem bark extracts also showed antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Salmonella subsp.3, Acinetobacter baumannii, Providencia stuarti with a zones of inhibition ranging between 11 mm and 19 mm at 100mg/ml. The leaf extract was less active against MDR bacteria while some showed little zone of inhibition. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranges between 6.25 and 100 mg/ml. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening reveals the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenol, saponins, and cardial glycosides in the extracts at percentage range of 17.30% to 1.20%. Molecular docking of these phytochemicals using levofloxacin as template revealed the presence of compounds more effective in inhibiting DNA gyrase enzyme. Thus, the use of Piptadeniastrum. africanum as traditional medicine is justifiable and should be encouraged in the formulation and production of new antibiotic.
[1]
Katende, A. B., Birnie, A. and Tengnäs, B. (2005). Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Technical Handbook 10. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. p: 710-734
[2]
Neuwinger, H. D. (2006). African traditional medicine a dictionary of plant use, Poisons and drugs, Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom. African ethnobotany. 4: 941-947
[3]
Noumi, E. and Tchakonang, N. Y. (2001). Plants used as abortifacients in Sangmelima region of southern Cameroon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 76: 263-268.
[4]
Warren, G., Andrews, C, Capelli, A., Clarke, B., LaLonde, J. and Lambert, M. H. (2006). A critical assessment of docking programs and scoring functions. J Med Chem. 49: 5912-5931.
[5]
Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M. F., Belew, R. K. and Goodsell, D. S. (2009). AutoDock 4 and Auto DockTools 4: automated docking with selective receptor flex ibility. J Comput Chem. 30: 2785-91.
[6]
Osuntokun, O. T. (2015). Comparative Study of Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Nigerian Medicinal Plants on Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enteritidis isolated from Poultry Feaces in Owo Local Government. Ondo State, Nigeria. Archives of current research international. 2: 1-11.
[7]
Osuntokun, O. T. and Olajubu, F. A. (2015). Antibacterial and phytochemical properties of some Nigerian medicinal plant on Salmonella paratyphi isolated from infected human stool in Owo local government. Journal of scientific research and reports; 4 (5): 441-449. Article no. JSSR. 2015. 046. ISSN: 2320-0227.
[8]
El Astal ZY, Ashour AERA, Kerrit AAM Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts in Palestine. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2005; 21 (2): 187-193.
[9]
Parekh, J. and Chanda, S. V. (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants. Turk. J. Biol. 31: 53-58.
[10]
Ogbonnia S. O., Odimegwu J. I., Enwuru V. N. (2008) Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous ethanolic extracts of Treculia africana Decne and Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. and their mixture on Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Afric J Biotech. 7: 2535-2539.
[11]
Mallikharjuna, P. B., Rajanna, L. N., Seetharam, Y. N. and Sharanabasappa, G. K. (2007). Phytochemical studies of Strychnos potatorum L. f. A medicinal plant. E-J. Chem. 4: 510-518.
[12]
Kumar, G. S., Jayaveera, K. N., Kumar, C. K., Sanjay, U. P., Swamy, B. M. and Kumar, D. V. (2007). Antimicrobial effects of Indian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 6: 717-723.
[13]
He, X. G. (2000). On-line identification of phytochemical constituents in botanical extracts by combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detection mass spectrometric techniques. J. Chromatogr. A. 880: 203-232.
[14]
Edeoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E. and Mbaebie, B. O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4: 685-688.
[15]
Dahiru, D., Onubiyi, J. A. and Umaru, H. A. (2006). Phytochemical screening and antiulcerogenic effect of Mornigo oleifera aqueous leaf extract. Afr. J. Trad. CAM. 3: 70-75.
[16]
Fabricant, D. S. and Farnsworth, N. R. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 69-75.
[17]
Oludare T. O, Bamidele O, Aladejana O. M and Ogunlade A. O (2017) Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity, Synergistic Efficacy, Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Determination of Alstonia Boonei Leaf and Stem Bark on Selected Clinical Isolates, Triple A Research Journal of Multidisciplinary (JMD) Vol. 1 (1): 001-014, June 2017 Copyright ©2017 Triple A Research Journal
[18]
Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, (2000). English ed., The Pharmacopeia Commission of PRC, Beijing.
[19]
Tsao, R. and Deng, Z. (2004). Separation procedures for naturally occurring antioxidant phytochemicals. J. Chromatogr. B. 812: 85–99.
[20]
Zygmunt, J. B. and Namiesnik, J. (2003). Preparation of samples of plant material for chromatographic analysis. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 41: 109-116.
[21]
Shoichet, B. K. (2004). Virtual screening of chemical libraries. Nature, 432 (7019), 862-865. PMID: 15602552.
[22]
Waszkowycz, B., Perkins, T., Sykes, R. and Li, J. (2001). Large-scale virtual screening for discovering leads in the postgenomic Era. IBM Systems J.; 40: 360–376.
[23]
Schneider, G. and Böhm, H. (2002). Virtual screening and fast automated docking methods: combinatorial chemistry. Drug Discov Today. 7: 64-70.
[24]
Afolayan, A. J. (2003). Extracts from the shoots of Arctotis arctoides inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. J. Pharm. Biol. 41: 22-25
[25]
Ogunade, O. T. and Adekunle, A. A. (2010). Preservation of seeds against fungi using wood-ash of some tropical forest trees in Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 4: 279-288.
[26]
Prasannabalaji N., Muralitharan C., Sivanandan R. N., Kumaran S., and Pugazhvendan S. R. (2012). Antibacteria activity of some Indian traditional plants extracts, Asian PacJ Trop Dis, 2, S251-S259.
[27]
Akinlami, O. O., Babajide, J. O., Demehin, A. I. and Famobuwa, O. E. (2012). Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antimicrobial effect of methanol bark extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum. Journal of science and science education. 3: 93-96
[28]
Akinmoladun, A. C., Ibukun, E. O., Emmanuel, A., Obuotor, E. M. and Farombi, E. O. (2007). Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of ocinum gratissimum. Scientific Research and Essay. 5: 163-166.
[29]
Amole OO, Ilori OO (2010). Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of Alstonia boonei. Int. J. Phytopharmacol. 1 (2): 119–123. Koleva II, Niederlander HAG, Van Beek TA (2000). An online HPLC method for detection of radical scavenging compounds in complex mixtures. Anal. Chem. 72: 2323-2328.
[30]
Nweze EL, Okafor JI, Njokn O. Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of tremaguinensis (Schumm and Thorn) and Morinda lucida Benth used in Nigeria. Biol Res. 2004; 2: 39-46.
[31]
Oliver, B. (2000). Medicinal plants in Nigeria 1st edition. Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology, Ibadan. Pp 43-53.
[32]
Marjorie, C. (2009). Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiol. Rev. 12: 564-582.
[33]
Zablotowicz RM, Hoagland RE, Wagner SC (2006). Effect of saponins on the growth and activity of rhizosphere bacteria. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 405: 83-95.
[34]
Raquel, F. E. (2007). Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationicsteroid compounds. Biochimica et Biophysic. Acta. Pp 2500–2509
[35]
Farombi EO (2000). Mechanisms for the hepatoprotective action of kolaviron: studies on hepatic enzymes, microsomal lipids and lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. Pharmacol. Res 42: 75-80.
[36]
Osuntokun Oludare Temitope. (2015) Bioactivity and phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants growing in Ondo and Ekiti state against bacterial isolates from pediatrics hospital. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015; 4 (2): 1-14: (Article no. JAMPS. 2015. 032) SSN: 2394-1111 Available: SCIENCE DOMAIN international. www.scien ce domain.org
[37]
Yusuf, M. A., Begum, A and Ahsan, C. R. (2015). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of gram negative uropathogenic bacilli at a private hospital in Dhaka city. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 1: 189-194.
[38]
Oludare Temitope Osuntokun.(2018) Evaluation of Inhibitory Zone Diameter (IZD) of crude Spondias mombin (Linn.) extracts (root, leaf, and stem bark) against thirty infectious clinical and environmental isolates. J Bacteriol Infec Dis. 2018; 2 (1): 8-16.
[39]
Opoku F, Akoto O (2015). Antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Alstonia boonei extracts. Organic Chemistry Current Research.
