Welcome to Open Science
Contact Us
Home Books Journals Submission Open Science Join Us News
The Mechanism of Action of Thymus sp. for Inducing Apoptosis and Fighting Cancer
Current Issue
Volume 2, 2014
Issue 6 (December)
Pages: 154-161   |   Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2014   |   Follow on         
Paper in PDF Downloads: 26   Since Aug. 28, 2015 Views: 1751   Since Aug. 28, 2015
Authors
[1]
Amal A. E. Ibrahim, Zoology Department, Faculty of Girls', for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major reasons of death characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells due to internal and environmental agents. Different cases of cancer are increasing all over the world year by year. Recently, the use of the extracts and natural products from medicinal plants took a huge leap towards cancer curing. Chemoprevention of cancer through medicinal plants is gaining popularity for its relatively harmless action. This review is focused on the anti-tumor effect and mechanism of action of active substances present in the extracts from different Thymus sp. in inducing apoptosis and fighting cancer progress.
Keywords
Apoptosis, Chemoprevention, Thymus sp.
Reference
[1]
Grigore, A., Paraschiv, I., Colceru-Mihul, S., Bubueanu, C., Draghici, E., and Ichim, M. 2010. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil obtained by two different methods. Romanian Biotechno Lett 15(4): 5436-5443.
[2]
Broucke, C.V. 1983. The therapeutic of Thymus species. Fitoterapia 4:171-174.
[3]
Blumenthal, M., Busse, W.R., and Goldberg, A. 1998. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. In: The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Austin, Tex, American Botanical Council, pp. 219-220, 1998.
[4]
Clavero, J., Baca, P., Gonzalez, P.M, and Valderrama, M.J. 2006. Efficacy of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (Cervitec) against plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in a geriatric population. Gerodonto 23: 43-47.
[5]
Szentandrassy, N., Szentesl, P., Nanasi, P.P., and Cszernoch, L. 2003. Effect of thymol on kinetic properties of Ca and K currents in rat skeletal muscle. BMC pharmacol 3: 9-17
[6]
Elhabazi, K., Dicko, A., Desor, F., Dalal, A., Younos, C., and Soulimani, R. 2006. Preliminary study on immunological and behavioural effects of Thymusbroussonetii Boiss., an endemic species in Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol 103(3):413-419.
[7]
Sun ,Z.X., Sun, J.H., Cheng, S., Ma, Q.W., Guo, S.L., and Zhang, J.B. 2003. Original studies on anti-tumor and immunological effect of extracts from Thymus quinquecostatus Celak in mice. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 1(3):209-210.
[8]
Lee, K.G., and Shibamoto, T. 2002. Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs spices. J Agric Food Chem 50:4947–4952
[9]
Verma, R.J. and Nair, A. 2001. Ameliorative effect of vitamin E on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice. Asian J Androl 3:217–221
[10]
López-Lázaro, M. 2009. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Rev Med Chem 9(1):31-59
[11]
Gordo, J., Máximo, P., Cabrita, E., Lourenço, A., Oliva, A., Almeida, J., Filipe, M., Cruz, P., Barcia, R., Santos, M., and Cruz, H. 2012. Thymus mastichina: chemical constituents and their anti-cancer activity. Nat Prod Commun 7(11):1491-1494.
[12]
Demma, J., Engidawork, E., and Hellman, B. 2009. Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 122(1):136-142.
[13]
Zu, Y., Yu, H., Liang, L., Fu, Y., Efferth, T., Liu, X., and Wu, N. 2010. Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules 15(5):3200-3210.
[14]
Thompson, J., Chalcha, J., Michet, A., Linhart, Y., and Ehlers, B. 2003. Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. J Chem Ecol 29(4):859-880
[15]
Shabnum, S. and Wagay, M.G. 2011. Essential Oil Composition of Thymus Vulgaris L. and their Uses. J Res Develep 11: 83 -94.
[16]
Kozics, K., Klusová, V., Srančíková, A., Mučaji, P., Slameňová, D., Hunáková, L., Kusznierewicz, B., and Horváthová, E. 2013. Effects of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris on oxidant-induced DNA damage and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells. Food Chem 141(3):2198-206.
[17]
Abdel-Aziem, S.H., Hassan, A.M., El-Denshary, E.S., Hamzawy, M.A., Mannaa F.A., and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. 2013. Ameliorative effects of thyme and calendula extracts alone or in combination against aflatoxins-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rat liver. Cytotech 65(4):1-14
[18]
Sasaki, K., Wada, K., Tanaka, Y., Yoshimura, T., Matuoka, K., and Anno, T. 2005. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves and its constituents increase the activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in mouse liver. J Med Food 8:184–189.
[19]
Bozkurt, E., Atmaca, H., Kisim, A., Uzunoglu, S., Uslu, R., and Karaca, B. 2012. Effects of Thymus serpyllum extract on cell proliferation, apoptosis and epigenetic events in human breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 64(8):1245-50.
[20]
Sertel, S., Eichhorn, T., Plinkert, P.K., and Efferth, T. 2011. Cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil towards human oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 31(1):81-87.
[21]
Zava, D.T., Dollbaum, C.M., and Blen, M. 1998. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217: 369-378.
[22]
Ait M'barek, L., Ait Mouse, H., Jaâfari, A., Aboufatima, R., Benharref, A., Kamal, M., Bénard, J., El Abbadi, N., Bensalah, M., Gamouh, A., Chait, A., Dalal, A., and Zyad, A. 2007. Cytotoxic effect of essential oil thyme (Thymus broussonettii) on the IGR-OV1 tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 40(11):1537-44.
[23]
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J.A., and Poolman, B. 1995. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev 59: 201-222.
[24]
von Ardenne, M. and Reitnauer, P.G. 1981. The elevation of the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts produced by a thyme extract in the peripheral blood as compared to that caused by 2-cyanoethylurea (author's transl). Pharmazie 36: 703-705.
[25]
Genecards.org (2010): http://www.genecards.org/index.shtml: Accessed: 01.01.2010.
[26]
Katsoulidis, E., Kaur, S., and Platanias, L.C. 2010. Deregulation of interferon signaling in malignant cells. Pharmaceuticals 3: 406-418.
[27]
Takahashi, M., Tsuda, T., Ikeda, Y., Honke, K., and Taniguchi, N. 2004. Role of N-glycans in growth factor signaling. Glycoconj J 20: 207-212.
[28]
Lau, K.S. and Dennis, J.W. 2008. N-Glycans in cancer progression. Glycobiol 18:750-760.
[29]
Roberts O.L., Holmes, K., Muller, J., Cross, D.A., and Cross, M.J. 2009. ERK5 and the regulation of endothelial cell function. Biochem Soc Trans 37: 1254-1259.
[30]
Krill, D., Madden, J., Huncik, K., and Moeller, P.D. 2010. Induced thyme product prevents VEGF-induced migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 403(3-4):275-281.
[31]
Paur, I., Balstad, T.R., Kolberg, M., Pedersen, M.K., Austenaa, L.M., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., and Blomhoff, R. 2010. Extract of oregano, coffee, thyme, clove, and walnuts inhibits NF-kappaB in monocytes and in transgenic reporter mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 3(5):653-663.
[32]
Kaliora, A.C., Kogiannou, D.A., Kefalas, P., Papassideri, I.S., and Kalogeropoulos, N. 2014. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities of Greek herbal infusions; balancing delight and chemoprevention? Food Chem 142:233-241.
[33]
Pikarsky, E., Porat, R.M., Stein, I., Abramovitch, R., Amit, S., Kasem, S., Gutkovich-Pyest, E., Urieli-Shoval, S., Galun, E., and Ben-Neriah, Y. 2004. NF-κB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 431:461–466.
[34]
Karin, M., Yamamoto, Y., and Wang, Q.M. 2004. The IKK NF-κB system: a treasure trove for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:17–26.
[35]
Mattson, M.P. and Camandola, S. 2001. NF-κB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest 107:247–254.
[36]
Karin, M., Cao, Y., Greten, F.R., and Li, Z.W. 2002. NF-κB in cancer: from innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev Cancer 2:301–310.
[37]
Maeda, S., Kamata, H., Luo, J.L., Leffert, H., and Karin, M. 2005. IKKβ couples hepatocyte death to cytokine-driven compensatory proliferation that promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell 121:977–990.
[38]
Bonizzi, G., and Karin, M. 2004. The two NF-κB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol 25:280–288.
[39]
Pahl, H.L. 1999. Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors. Oncogene 18:6853–6866.
[40]
Karin, M. and Greten, F.R. 2005. NF-κB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 5:749–759.
[41]
Surh, Y.J. 2003. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 3:768–780.
[42]
Nakanishi, C. and Toi, M. 2005. Nuclear factor-κB inhibitors as sensitizers to anticancer drugs. Nat Rev Cancer 5:297–309.
[43]
Bukovska, A., Cikos, S., Juhas, S., Il'kova, G., Rehak, P., and Koppel, J. 2007. Effects of a combination of thyme and oregano essential oils on TNBSinduced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2007:23296.
[44]
Motalleb, G., Hanachi, P., Fauziah, O., and Asmah, R. 2008. Effect of Berberis vulgaris fruit extract on alpha-fetoprote gene expression and chemical carcinogen metabolizing enzymes activities in hepatocarcinogenesis rats. Iran J Cancer Prev 1:33-44.
[45]
Hamzawy, M.A., El-Denshary, E.S., Hassan, N.S., Manaa, F., and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. 2012. Antioxidant and hepatorenoprotective effects of Thyme vulgaris extract in rats during aflatoxicosis. Global J Pharmacol 6:106-117.
[46]
Ahmed, H.A., Shousha, W.Gh., El-Mezayen, H.A., Ismaiel, N.N., and Mahmoud, N.S. 2013. In vitro antitumor potential of carvacrol against hepatocellular carcinoma in rat model. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2(5): 2367-2396.
[47]
Hotta, M., Nakata, R., Katukawa, M., Hori, K., Takahashi, S., and Inoue, H. 2010. Carvacrol,a component of thyme oil, activates PPAR alpha and gamma, and suppresses COX-2 expression. J Lipid Res 51:132–139.
[48]
Jayakumar, S., Madankumar, A., Asokkumar, S., Raghunandhakumar, S., Gokula-dhas, K., Kamaraj, S., Divya, M.G., and Devaki, T. 2012. Potential preventive effect of carvacrol against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 360:51–60.
[49]
Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Scott, B.C., Murcia, A., Butler, J., Halliwell, B., and Aruoma, O.I. 1994. Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxyltyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol 32: 31–36.
[50]
Canbek, M. 2008. Effects of carvacrol on defects of ischemia-reperfusion in the rat liver. Phytomed 15:447–452.
[51]
Łoboda, A., Cisowski, J., Zarêbski, A., Wa, J.A., Nunez, D.R., Kypriotakis, Z., Heinrich, M., and Dulak, J. 2005. Effect of plant extracts on angiogenic activities of endothelial cells and keratinocytes. J Physiol Pharmacol 56: 125-137.
[52]
Nangia-Makker, P., Tait, L., Hogan, V., Miller, F., and Raz, A. 2006. Inhibition of breast cancer progression by a medicinal herb Ocimum sanctum, P Am Assoc Canc Res 2170: 47.
[53]
Sawhney, N. and Hall, P.A. 1992. Ki-67 structure, function and new antibodies. J Pathol 168:161-162.
[54]
Gerlach, C., Sakkab, D.Y., Scholzen, T., Daßler, R., Alison, M.R., and Gerdes, J. 1997. Ki-67 Expression During Rat Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy. Hepatology 26:573-578.
[55]
Cui, W., Hu, S.X., Tang, Z., and Hu, K. 2007. In Vivo Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Deletion on Cellular Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Nude Mice. J Cancer Mol 3: 49-54.
[56]
Tuncer and, E., Unver-Saraydin, S., Tepe, B., Karadayi, S., Ozer, H., Sen, M., Karadayi, K., Inan, D., Elagoz, S., Polat, Z., Duman, M., Turan, M. 2013. Antitumor effects of Origanum acutidens extracts on human breast cancer. J Buon 18(1): 77-85.
[57]
Yin, Q.,Yan, F., Zu, X.,Wu, Y., Wu, X., Liao, M., Deng, S., Yin, L., and Zhuang, Y. 2012. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of carvacrol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2. Cytotech 64(1):43-51.
[58]
Arunasree, K. 2010. Antiproliferative effects of carvacrol on a human metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB231.Phytomed 17:581–588.
[59]
Yoon, S. and Seger, R. 2006. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase: multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions. Growth Factors 24:21–44.
[60]
Chang, H.L., Wu, Y.C., Su, J.H., Yeh, Y.T., and Yuan, S.S. 2008. Protoapigenone, a novel flavonoid, induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cellsthroughactivationofp38mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325:841–849.
[61]
Cantero, G., Campanella, C., Mateos, S., and Cortés, F. 2006. Topoisomerase II inhibition and high yield of endoreduplication induced by the flavonoids luteolin and quercetin. Mutagenesis 21(5):321-325.
Open Science Scholarly Journals
Open Science is a peer-reviewed platform, the journals of which cover a wide range of academic disciplines and serve the world's research and scholarly communities. Upon acceptance, Open Science Journals will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download.
CONTACT US
Office Address:
228 Park Ave., S#45956, New York, NY 10003
Phone: +(001)(347)535 0661
E-mail:
LET'S GET IN TOUCH
Name
E-mail
Subject
Message
SEND MASSAGE
Copyright © 2013-, Open Science Publishers - All Rights Reserved