Evidence for L1 Sociopragmatic Transfer Among Iranian L2 Learners: The Case of Compliment Response Behaviour
[1]
Sayyedeh Effat Hosseini, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Arak, Arak, Iran.
[2]
Hamid Reza Dowlatabadi, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Arak, Arak, Iran.
[3]
Mousa Ahmadian, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Arak, Arak, Iran.
This study examined whether Iranian L2 learners transfer compliment response behavior from their L1 to L2 speech act production. To this end, 40 upper-intermediate Iranian L2 learners, 40 Persian native speakers (non-English majors), and 40 American native speakers participated in the study. The English version of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) was given to L2 learners and American native speakers while the translated version of the same test was given to Persian native speakers. The results revealed that when responding to compliments in English, Iranian L2 learners transferred their L1 norms and values to their target language. This indicated that responding to compliments in an L2 requires the acquisition of sociocultural norms of the target culture.
Compliment Response Behavior, L1 Transfer, Sociocultural Norms
[1]
Afghari, A & Karimnia, A. 2007. A Contrastive study of four cultural differences in every day conversation between English and Persian. Intercultural Communication Studies, 16(1), 243-250.
[2]
Ahmadian, M. 2001. Interlanguage conformity and the use of strategic competence. In A. Rezaei (ed.), The 1st Conference on Issues in English Language Teaching in Iran (IELTI): Vol, 1. Issues in English Language Teaching in Iran. Tehran: University of Tehran, 139-159.
[3]
Ahn, J. S. 2007. Korean ESL learners’ pragmatic competence: Motivation, amount of contact, and length of residence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University.
[4]
Akmajian, A, Demers, A. R, Farmer, K. A & Harnish, M. R. 2001. Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Massachusetts.
[5]
Amouzadeh, M. 2001. Politeness in Persian. Language Forum, 27, 131-141.
[6]
Alcon, E. 2004. Research on language and learning: Implications for language teaching. IJES, 4(1), 173-196.
[7]
Allami, H & Naeimi, A. 2011. A cross-linguistic study of refusals: An analysis of pragmatic competence development in Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 385–406.
[8]
Beebe, L. M, Takahashi, T, & Uliss-Weltz, R. 1990. Pragmatics transfer in ESL refusals. In R. Scarcella, E. Anderson & S. D. Krashen (eds.), On the development of communicative competence in a second language. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House Publishers, 181-198.
[9]
Beeman, W. O. 1986. Language, status, and power in Iran. Bloomington Indiana University Press.
[10]
Behnam, B & Amizadeh, N. 2011. A Comparative study of the compliments and compliment responses between English and Persian TV interviews. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(1), 65-78.
[11]
Blum-Kulka, S. 1982. Learning to say what you mean in a second language: A study of the speech act performance of learners of Hebrew as a second language. Applied Linguistics, 3, 29-59.
[12]
Brown, P & Levinson, S. C. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[13]
Chen, R. 1993. Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Pragmatics, 20, 49-75.
[14]
Cheung, C. 2009. Politeness strategies of Chinese and American speakers. LCOM Papers, 1, 45-54.
[15]
Cohen, J. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.
[16]
Davis, B. 2008. “Ah, excuse me…I like your shirt”: An examination of compliment responses across gender by Australians. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 1(2), 76‐87.
[17]
Dogancy-Aktuna, S & Kamisli, S. 1997. Pragmatic transfer in interlanguage development: A case study of advanced EFL learners. Paper presented at the 11th National Linguistics Conference, Ankara: Turkey.
[18]
Dowlatabadi, H. R. 1996. Transferability of L1 refusal strategies to L2 contexts: A sociopragmatic study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Isfahan University: Iran.
[19]
Ellis, R. 2008. The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[20]
Eslami-Rasekh, Z. 2005. Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners. ELT Journal, 59(3), 199-208.
[21]
Golato, A. 2002. German compliment responses. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 547-571.
[22]
Goodarzi, F. 1996. Realization of gratitude speech act patterns in Farsi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Khorasgan University/Isfahan: Iran.
[23]
Herbert, K. R. 1986. Say “thank you” – or something. American Speech, 61, 76-88.
[24]
Holmes, J & Brown, D. F. 1987. Teachers and students learning about compliments. TESOL Quarterly, 21(3), 523-526
[25]
Jeon, Y. 1996. A descriptive study on the development of pragmatic competence by Korean learners of English in the speech act of complimenting (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1996). UMI, 9701659.
[26]
Karimnia, A & Afghari, A. 2011. Compliments in English and Persian interaction: A cross-cultural Perspective. Jezikoslovlje, 12(1), 27-50.
[27]
Kasper, G. 1990. Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 193-218.
[28]
Kasper, G. 1992. Pragmatic transfer. Second Language Research, 8(3), 203-231.
[29]
Kasper, G. 1997. Can pragmatic competence be taught? [Retrieved April 16, 2010]. Available at http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/Networks/NW06/
[30]
Leech, J. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
[31]
Neddar, A. B. 2011. The need for cross-cultural and sociopragmatic competence in foreign language learning and teaching. In A, Bednarek & I, Witczak-Plisiecka (eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches to communication studies. Lodz International Studies Academy, 76-88.
[32]
Odlin, T. 1989. Language transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[33]
Pallant, J. 2007. SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 15. England: Open University Press.
[34]
Allen, D. 1992. Oxford Placement Test.
[35]
Richards, C. J & Sukwiwat, M. 1983. Language transfer and conversational competence. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 113-125.
[36]
Ruhil, A. 1998. “I lost the bus. Can you give me a ride home?”: Native and nonnative English speakers’ speech act production and metapragmatic judgments: A study on apologies, complaints, and requests (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 1998). UMI, 9901766.
[37]
Sahragard, R. 2000. Politeness in Persian: A cultural pragmatic analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester.
[38]
Sharifian, F. 2005. The Persian cultural schema of shekaste-nafsi: A study of compliment responses in Persian and Anglo- Australian speakers. Pragmatics and Cognition, 13(2), 337-361.
[39]
Sharifian, F. 2008. Cultural schemas in L1 and L2 compliment responses: A study of Persian-speaking learners of English. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behavior, Culture, 4(1), 55-80.
[40]
Spolsky, B. 1990. Introduction to a colloquium: The scope and form of a theory of second language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 24(4), 609-616.
[41]
Takahashi, S. 1995. Transfer in interlanguage pragmatics: New research agenda. Studies in Languages and Cultures, 11, 109-128.
[42]
Takahashi, T & Beebe, L. M. 1993. Cross-linguistic influence in the speech act of correction. In G. Kasper, S. Blum-Kulka (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press, 138-157.
[43]
Thomas, J. 1983. Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 31-112.
[44]
Wolfson, N. 1981. Compliments in cross-cultural perspectives. TESOL Quarterly, 15(2), 117-123.
[45]
Ye, L. 1995. Complimenting in Mandarin Chinese. In G. Kasper (ed.), Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target languag. Manoa/Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Press, 207-295.
[46]
Yousefvand, Z. 2010. Study of compliment speech act realization patterns across gender in Persian. Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching, 17, 91- 112.
[47]
Yu, M. 2003. On the universality of face: Evidence from Chinese compliment response behavior. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1679-1710.
[48]
Yu, M. 2004. Interlinguistic variation and similarity in second language speech act behavior. The Modern Language Journal, 88(1), 102-119.